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Using letters is easier to understand for most people. There are two ways to modify permissions, with numbers or with letters. The command to use when modifying permissions is chmod. What are the permissions from the above /etc/hosts ls output? rw-r-r- 1 root root 288 19:24 the example above we have the file "/etc/hosts" which is owned by the user root and belongs to the root group. cd commandįolders (directories) must have 'execute' permissions set (x or 1), or folders (directories) will NOT FUNCTION as folders (directories) and WILL DISAPPEAR from view in the file browser (Nautilus). (Caution: write access for a directory allows deleting of files in the directory even if the user does not have write permissions for the file!)Įxecute restricts or allows changing into the directory, i.e. Write restricts or allows creating new files or deleting files in the directory. Read restricts or allows viewing the directories contents, i.e. There are three types of access restrictions: If the owner read & execute bit are on, then the permissions are: -r-x.

To change or edit files that are owned by root, sudo must be used - please see RootSudo for details.

Each file has access restrictions with permissions, user restrictions with owner/group association. The super user "root" has the ability to access any file on the system. If the file is of type Directory then it restricts different actions than files and device nodes. All of the files on a system have permissions that allow or prevent others from viewing, modifying or executing. Devices are usually referred to as a node however, they are still files. Directories are files, files are files and devices are files.